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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:49 pm
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Results for sex work
19 results foundAuthor: Maiti Nepal Title: Youth-Led Study on the Vulnerability of Young Girls Working in Restaurants, Bars and Massage Parlours in Kathmandu Summary: For many reasons, a significant percentage of the rural population of Nepal is migrating to cities in search of livelihoods and a better future for themselves and their families. While this general phenomenon is evidenced in all developing countries, it is especially conspicuous in Nepal, where there are only a few major cities, the most prominent being the capital, Kathmandu. A large number of girls and women who travel to Kathmandu in search of work ultimately find jobs in dance bars, massage parlours and cabin-style restaurants. Nepal has imposed legal restrictions on the commercial sex industry. Any act related to commercial sex work and pornography is considered a public offence. Despite these efforts, recent research and news reports have identified several areas in Nepal where the sex business is flourishing. Specifically, establishments billed as dance bars, cabin restaurants and massage parlours represent locations where sex is sold. Research reports state that young girls working in these places are at risk of exploitation and abuse and the alarming growth in the number of these establishments across the country indicates that many more young girls may become vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation and other forms of harm. Young people from the organizations Bishwas Nepal, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN) and Maiti Nepal, affiliated with the Youth Partnership Project for Child Survivors of Commercial Sexual Exploitation in South Asia (YPP), developed and conducted a survey in an effort to identify factors causing young people working in Kathmandu cabin restaurants, dance bars, massage parlours and dohori restaurants to be vulnerable to exploitation and harm. The research also aimed to develop an understanding of the awareness of young people working in these areas of their potential vulnerability. Finally, the research attempts to explore possible effective measures for improving and ensuring the protection of these young people. Details: Bangkok: Maiti Nepal, 2010. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 29, 2011 at: http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Publications/CYP/YPP_Research_Nepall.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Publications/CYP/YPP_Research_Nepall.pdf Shelf Number: 121898 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual Exploitation (Nepal)PornographySex Work |
Author: Queensland. Crime and Misconduct Commission Title: Regulating Prostitution: A Follow-Up Review of the Prostitution Act 1999 Summary: This 2011 review aimed to update the picture of the prostitution environment in Queensland, by finding out: (1) which recommendations from the CMC’s previous review have been implemented and what their effect has been what changes, if any, have occurred in the achievement of the Act’s underlying principles since the last review; and (2) what new and emerging issues are facing the industry in Queensland, and in comparable jurisdictions, which could affect the achievement of these principles. The review found that the position in Queensland has remained relatively stable, and that the legislative objectives are generally being achieved. It identified that licensed brothels: have minimal impact on community amenity show no evidence of corruption and organised crime (other than illegal prostitution) have access to exit and retraining programs for sex workers who may wish to leave the industry provide a safe workplace and a healthy environment in which to carry out prostitution. However, as a result of the review, the CMC called on the government to action two previous recommendations, which although supported are yet to be fully implemented. They relate to the establishment of an inter-agency Ministerial Advisory Committee to address issues facing Queensland’s prostitution industry, and a tightening of the legislation linked to advertising to prevent illegal operators masquerading as legal enterprises. Details: Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2011. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 30, 2011 at: http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au/data/portal/00000005/content/15385001309241014238.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au/data/portal/00000005/content/15385001309241014238.pdf Shelf Number: 121952 Keywords: CorruptionOrganized CrimeProstitution (Australia)Sex Work |
Author: Schuster, Martina Title: Discourse on prostitution and human trafficking in the context of UEFA EURO 2012: Academic study of discourse and campaigns in the run-up to the 2012 European Football Championship finals as the basis for advising decision-makers Summary: This study focuses on the themes of sex work, sex tourism and human trafficking in the UEFA EURO 2012 host countries, Poland and Ukraine. It is designed to provide UEFA and local stakeholders with an academic basis for their preparations for the event and to serve as a starting point for networking, media work, activities and campaigns linked to these themes. The study expressly aims to help prevent sensationalist media reporting that might lead to a deterioration of the working and living conditions of sex workers. It also opposes the portrayal of UEFA EURO 2012 as a cause of violations of women’s rights, such as abduction, trafficking and rape. Analysis of previous international sports events, such as the 2006 World Cup in Germany1 and the 2010 World Cup in South Africa does not suggest that major football events lead to a rise in human rights violations of this nature. Nor is there any evidence that demand for sexual services increases as a result of such events. An international academic study of discourse in the run-up to the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and of what actually transpired during the tournament, for example, showed that the predicted sharp increase in the offer of sexual services failed to materialise, as did the feared rise in human trafficking (see Delva et al. 2010). Details: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: La Strada International, European Network Against Trafficking in Human Beings, 2010. Source: First Report: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 123931 Keywords: FootballHuman TraffickingProstitution (Europe)Sex TourismSex TraffickingSex Work |
Author: Gillings, Alison Title: An Investigation Into 'John's Schools' Summary: Historically, law enforcement agencies have focused on controlling prostitution by arresting and charging prostituted women. This method of dealing with prostitution is increasingly viewed as ineffective for several reasons: recidivism rates remain high for those selling sex; there is a greater acknowledgement of victimization experienced by those in prostitution; the arrested individual is typically charged a fine they cannot pay which often leads them back into prostitution; and arresting prostituted individuals does not address the underlying issue of the reasons why prostitution exists. In the mid-1990s, the “john” school concept was developed in an attempt to address prostitution by focusing on the demand for commercial sex. Research conducted by Monto (1998) suggests that men who purchase sex are not necessarily malicious, but often just unaware of the risks and societal implications. While a variety of “john” schools exist, each program is built on a similar fundamental model. In counties where “john” schools are offered, the offender may be given the opportunity to participate in a class (i.e. “john” school) as a diversion program or part of a criminal sentence. “John” schools educate men about the risks associated with prostitution and aim to deter men from purchasing commercial sex in the future. This report describes various “john” schools and details research on the efficacy of such programs. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2012 at: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2f/FileItem-149841-Johnsschoolreport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2f/FileItem-149841-Johnsschoolreport.pdf Shelf Number: 124122 Keywords: Commercial SexProstitutesProstitutionSex Work |
Author: Pajnik, Mojca Title: Prostitution and Human Trafficking: Gender, Labor and Migration Aspects Summary: Discussing prostitution and human trafficking today means confronting dominant perceptions. In western societies striving to enhance economic efficiency, these either perpetuate the neo-capitalist idea of free choice, or take over the victimization argument which presumably makes obvious the need for “fight and prevention policies” in prostitution or human trafficking. This book problematizes the dominant representations and ideologization of these phenomena, trying to offer new avenues of thought and action. We start from the thesis that one-sided definitions of prostitution, either as the selling of a body identical to any other service provided for money or as a priori violence against women, are inappropriate. While one-sided definitions indeed draw attention to particular dimensions of prostitution, by not taking into account the diversity or the contrasting character of prostitution, they also help create the onesided social construction of prostitution. In this book we argue beyond binary logic and take into account many realities of women and men involved in prostitution and human trafficking. We argue that a dualist understanding is inappropriate because, among other things, it excludes marginalized phenomena in prostitution, for example, male prostitution with women as clients , same-sex and transgender prostitution. Above all, it does not encompass the heterogeneity of experiences and, as the historical comparisons show, it does not introduce any novelty into the public arena. In our analysis we regard prostitution as a form of work which may involve exploitation based on gender differences, or master-slave relations in the case of human trafficking . At the same time, we take into account the possibility that women and men in prostitution are not a priori victims of human trafficking and that a woman is not necessarily an object of sexual consumption. Starting from these premises, we study prostitution by thematizing its various aspects, including work, non-work, women’s work and the sex industry . In so doing, we also identify relational links between prostitution and human trafficking. In this book, gender is not absolutized, nor is sexual orientation presupposed. When thematizing gender we avoid essentialism, while concluding that both prostitution and human trafficking are characterized by unequal relationships and discrimination based on gender differences, and that they are also a consequence of hetero-normativism. Since throughout this text prostitution and human trafficking are considered with gender differences in mind, we mainly refer to female prostitutes or women in prostitution. When we want to refer to male prostitution , or homosexual and heterosexual prostitution, we use the appropriate gender attribute. This form is most frequently used in the chapter on sex work and self-organization of persons in prostitution. In conducting this study, we were also interested in how “outside” observers who do not have direct experience with prostitution or human trafficking perceive the two phenomena. We employed a public opinion survey to find out what men in Slovenia thought about human trafficking and prostitution. According to the rare studies which examined the demand, the clients for sexual services are mainly men. Taking this into account, we conceptualized our study in such a way that it describes in detail the attitude of men towards prostitution. In focusing on male clients for sexual services and male respondents in our public opinion survey we do not wish to prejudice the readers that women do not buy sexual services, nor do we want to suggest that their opinions are less important. Details: Ljubljana, Slovenia: Mirovni Institut, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies, 2008. 154p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 21, 2012 at http://www.mirovni-institut.si/data/tinymce/Publikacije/Prostitucija/MI_politike_prostitution_ENG_final_lowres.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Slovenia URL: http://www.mirovni-institut.si/data/tinymce/Publikacije/Prostitucija/MI_politike_prostitution_ENG_final_lowres.pdf Shelf Number: 124215 Keywords: Human TraffickingImmigrationProstitution (Slovenia)Sex Work |
Author: Davies, John Title: 'My Name is Not Natasha' How Albania Women in France Use Trafficking to Overcome Social Exclusion (1998-2001) Summary: This book analyses and explains a trafficking crisis experienced by a group of Albanian women in Lyon, France, between 1998 and 2001. The book proposes new theoretical explanations for Albanian trafficking that considers women’s experiences of social stigma and exclusion as becoming the main reason for Albanian women being involved in trafficking, after an initial period when young women were mainly deceived into abusive relationships that were then used to coerce them into forced labour. The Albanian trafficking discourse is currently dominated by the idea that Roma and rural women experiencing poverty and social disadvantage are coerced or deceived into trafficking networks that move them across borders and reduce them to sexual slavery because of the ‘demand’ of men for paid sex. This book argues that the conceptualisation that considers trafficking as being best explained by the ‘demand’ of men for paid sex and the naivety of the trafficked women is inadequate for explaining many of the trafficking experiences reported by the Albanian women in Lyon. This book contends that many women were initially deceived into marriage with men who then exploited them; these deceived wives were subjugated through the exploitation of patrilocal marriages that invested in the husband the ability to make non-altruistic household decisions. This meant that their migration could be understood by refining the new economics of migration model and the role of non-altruistic actors who might exploit its processes. Once the nature of trafficking networks became well-known Albanian women increasingly refused to accept such marriages. However, because other Albanian women lacked social networks able to support them in their migration goals, many socially excluded divorced women began to use the trafficking networks as a mobility strategy in pursuit of migration goals beyond prostitution. The book thus argues that many trafficked women were not motivated to migrate because of economic considerations but by a determination to achieve social rehabilitation through foreign marriage. These women wanted to chain migrate but their weak social networks could not sustain their intended migration. Therefore, these women used trafficking as a means to reach destinations where they could build new networks and strengthen their old social networks. Then they would eventually re-engage with their social networks without being an onerous burden. This is a new analysis based on previously unknown data and so the book is original and adds to our knowledge regarding trafficking as a means to pursue chain migration goals by compensating for inadequate social networks through the use of trafficking networks. The book concludes that rather than being best explained by ‘demand’ as a focal problem trafficking can be better understood by considering trafficking as a gendered aspect of crisis in a migration order in transition. This extension of Van Hear’s migration order theory is also a new application of the subjective notion of intolerability as being a substantial motivation for migration. Details: Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009. 325p. Source: IMISCOE Dissertations: Internet Resource: Accessed February 29, 2012 at http://dare.uva.nl/document/174696 Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://dare.uva.nl/document/174696 Shelf Number: 124330 Keywords: Female VictimsForced LaborForced MarriageHuman Traffikcing (France)ImmigrationSex Work |
Author: Wilcox, Aidan Title: Tackling the Demand for Prostitution: A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Published Research Literature Summary: Researchers from the University of Huddersfield were commissioned to conduct a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) of the published research literature in a selected number of countries, including the United Kingdom (UK) to answer specific questions about the characteristics of the people who procure sex, the context and setting for procuring sex, the related reasons, drivers and motivations and what has been tried elsewhere to deter or hinder those who procure sex and what works in tackling demand for prostitution. Details: London: Home Office, 2009. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Home Office Research Report 27: Accessed April 11, 2012 at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113210150/http:/crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/crimereduction052.htm Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113210150/http:/crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/crimereduction052.htm Shelf Number: 124930 Keywords: ProstitutesProstitution (U.K.)Sex Work |
Author: Cunningham, Scott Title: Men-in-Transit and Prostitution: Using Political Conventions as a Natural Experiment Summary: Approximately 100,000 visitors came to Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis, Minnesota to attend the 2008 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Economic theory suggests that men in transit can cause a shift in demand for commercial sex work. We estimate the responsiveness of labor supply to these two conventions, focusing on a previously neglected but increasingly important segment of the prostitution market: indoor sex workers who advertise on the Internet. Using a differences‐in‐differences estimator, we find that the conventions caused a roughly 30% increase in advertisements on the larger of two advertisement sites in the affected markets. Given the key role prostitution plays in the transmission of STIs, these results imply a focus of public health resources on men in transit. Details: Unpublished paper, 2011. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2012 at: http://www.toddkendall.net/Men_In_Transit_012511.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.toddkendall.net/Men_In_Transit_012511.pdf Shelf Number: 125264 Keywords: AdvertismentsInternetProstitutesProstitutionSex Work |
Author: Lee, Samuel Title: Human Trafficking and Regulating Prostitution Summary: The effect of prostitution laws on human trafficking and voluntary prostitution is subject to debate. We argue theoretically that neither legalization nor criminalization can simultaneously protect voluntary prostitutes and unambiguously reduce trafficking. We propose an alternative, “hybrid” policy that achieves both objectives and restores the free market outcome that arises in the absence of trafficking: legal, strictly regulated brothels combined with severe criminal penalties for johns who buy sex outside of them. If a regulator wants to eradicate all prostitution instead, the optimal policy criminalizes all johns. Criminalizing prostitutes is ineffective and unjust because it fails to eradicate trafficking and penalizes victims. We consider cross-border trafficking, sex tourism, social norms, and political support for prostitution laws. The model predicts that the female-male income ratio is a key determinant of how much prostitution is involuntary, the consequences of prostitution laws, and the political will to enact or enforce them. Details: New York: Stern School of Business, New York University, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 5, 2012 at: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Shelf Number: 125471 Keywords: Human TraffickingProstitutionSex TourismSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Janson, Lara Title: “Our Great Hobby”: An Analysis of Online Networks for Buyers of Sex in Illinois Summary: When it comes to prostitution, the commercial sex industry, and sex trafficking, most discussions, reports, and research on the topics focus on “the prostitute,” ignoring the consumers of prostituted women, the “johns.” Focusing primarily on the women, who mostly constitute the supply side of the commercial sex industry, limits our understanding of the social relationships that characterize and fuel the commercial sex industry. This study focuses on the exchange of information among men who post on the USA Sex Guide in Illinois regarding what they call their “great hobby,” buying sex. Studying these online forums where men trade information with one another on buying sex with women sheds light on the attitudes of a segment of men who buy sex in Illinois as well as a broader community of sex purchasers. It offers a unique glimpse into a world that remains hidden and often inaccessible to researchers. Researching the online johns’ boards also contributes to a better understanding of the increasingly important role of the Internet in the lives of men who buy sex. This research is based on predominantly qualitative content analysis of posts made on the USA Sex Guide from June 1, 2010 to August 31, 2010 by men who buy sex in Illinois. We found that the USA Sex Guide serves as a community and an important resource for johns to inform themselves about buying sex throughout Illinois. The forums create a brotherhood among men who buy sex and reinforce men’s justifications for purchasing sex. The USA Sex Guide appears to be a source of strong bonding among the johns, who often use the forums to help buttress one another against perceived critics or threats. Postings on the USA Sex Guide indicate that men travel throughout Illinois to buy sex in a variety of venues, particularly throughout the Chicago suburbs. The geographic mobility of men who buy sex suggests that responses to the demand for commercial sex must be coordinated in order to be effective. The entries also reflect an ethos of male entitlement to sex that many johns use to rationalize their behavior. Additionally, the data indicate a common vision of a fantasy shared by many men on the forum—an ideal experience in which prostituted women provide an illusion of intimacy and authenticity in their sexual encounters with johns. This research confirms findings from other studies that indicate that the commercial sex industry in Illinois is harmful; some men who buy sex admit on the USA Sex Guide boards to being violent or aggressive toward women in prostitution, and many men on the forums reference the harm the commercial sex industry causes to women, communities, relationships, and themselves. Comments made by men on the USA Sex Guide about law enforcement and policy efforts to combat prostitution reveal the ineffectiveness, in terms of deterring men from buying more sex, of policies that target prostituted women or only men of color who buy sex. Conversely, when johns post on the boards about law enforcement raids that only target men who buy sex, it creates energetic discussions about the risks of their “great hobby.” Some men on the forums state that they will no longer take the risk of buying sex due to the increased risk of legal punishment. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2013. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: http://caase.org/demandreport Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://caase.org/demandreport Shelf Number: 128362 Keywords: Human TraffickingInternet CrimesProstitutesProstitution (Chicago, U.S.)Sex TraffickingSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Hudson, Susan L. Title: Sex, Drugs and "Ugly Mugs": An ethnographic study of women who inject psychostimulants and engage in street-based sex work in Kings Cross, Sydney Summary: Australian and international literature provides strong evidence that intravenous use of psychostimulants increases the harms experienced by users, including heightening the risk of blood-borne virus (BBV) infection. The few Australian studies that include women who inject psychostimulants identify street-based sex work as the main method of income generation and highlight the harms that result from combining these practices. However, there has been little exploration into the way these practices are shaped by the environments in which they occur or the ways in which women manage these harms. This thesis aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the daily lives of women who inject psychostimulants and engage in street-based sex work in Kings Cross, Sydney. Over 18 months between 2005 and 2007, the author conducted ethnographic fieldwork with women who injected psychostimulants and engaged in street-based sex work in Kings Cross, Sydney. Data sources included observations recorded as fieldnotes and transcripts of in-depth interviews with 12 women. Thematic analysis of the data was employed with particular attention to the womens shared narratives. Key findings of the thesis were that 1) the Kings Cross environment plays a prominent role in shaping the lives of women, their psychostimulant injecting and street-based sex work practices; 2) psychostimulant injecting reinforces the opportunistic nature of street-based sex work as the primary method of income generating for women, restricting the development of occupational norms; 3) synergies exist between the drug and sex markets in Kings Cross, increasing the harms associated with both injecting and street-based sex work practices; 4) public health messages relating to sharing of injecting equipment and condom use fail to account for contextually driven decision-making and risk prioritising; 5) women develop lay epidemiological understandings as they attempt to reconcile the public health messages with the lived reality. The value of these findings is in the insights they provide into the everyday lives of these women in Kings Cross that have not been documented previously and their potential for informing bottom-up rather than top down approaches to future policy, practice and research. Details: Sydney: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, 2009. 244p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: http://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=UNSWORKS&docId=unsworks_8131&fromSitemap=1&afterPDS=true Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=UNSWORKS&docId=unsworks_8131&fromSitemap=1&afterPDS=true Shelf Number: 128386 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionProstitutesProstitution (Australia)Sex WorkStreet-Based Prostitution |
Author: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade Title: Shifting the Burden: Inquiry to assess the operation of the current legal settlement on prostitution in England and Wales Summary: The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade was formed in 2008. The group's purpose is twofold: 1. to raise awareness around the impact of the sale of sexual services on those involved 2. to develop proposals for government action with a focus on tackling demand for the sex trade. The last major government consideration of prostitution law was the Home Office Review on Tackling Demand for Prostitution in 2008, which was followed by the changes brought in by the Policing and Crime Act 2009. Since then, the focus of government has been on practical approaches rather than on the law. Whilst identifying and sharing good practice is a valuable exercise, the APPG felt that more must be done at a legislative level to address the gendered imbalance of harm that exists within prostitution. Therefore the APPG felt it necessary to commission a parliamentary Inquiry to assess the operation of the current legal settlement, and to identify whether legislation to tackle demand might safeguard those in danger of exploitation and abuse. Key Findings The Inquiry received 413 submissions of evidence from individuals including those with personal experience of prostitution, those who are working to provide support through agencies and organisations, and members of Police forces and local councils. When asked about the current legal settlement, only 7% of respondents to the question considered the current laws on prostitution to be effective and consistent in safeguarding those involved in prostitution.3 When assessing the written and oral evidence, the Inquiry focused on how the law operates at four critical levels: legislation, policing and enforcement, entry into and exit from prostitution, and cultural attitudes. The Inquiry found that at each of these four levels the law is incoherent at best and detrimental at worst. The legal settlement around prostitution sends no clear signals to women who sell sex, men who purchase it, courts and the criminal justice system, the police or local authorities. In practice, those who sell sexual services coercion and violence. This serves to normalise the purchase and stigmatise the sale of sexual services - and undermines efforts to minimise entry into and promote exit from prostitution. Moreover, legislation does not adequately address the gendered imbalance of harm within prostitution, and as such is detrimental to wider strategies which pursue gender equality. Details: London: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade, 2014. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2014 at: http://prostitutionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/UK-shifting-the-burden-Mar-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://prostitutionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/UK-shifting-the-burden-Mar-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 132305 Keywords: ProstitutesProstitution (U.K.)Sex TraffickingSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Mendes Bota, Jose Title: Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a hideous human rights violation and one of the most lucrative activities for criminal organisations worldwide. It occurs for various purposes, including forced labour, criminality and organ removal. In Europe, trafficking for sexual exploitation is by far the most widespread form: an estimated 84% of victims are trafficked for this purpose. Efforts to tackle trafficking in human beings have intensified in the last decade but remain insufficient. As transnational trafficking represents the greatest part of this phenomenon, harmonisation of legal standards and effective international co-operation in criminal matters are crucial to succeed in the fight against human trafficking. The lack of reliable and comparable data on prostitution and trafficking in Europe is a major barrier to making and implementing effective policies against trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation. Creating a Europe-wide data collection system on prostitution and trafficking is therefore crucial. As a pan-European organisation, the Council of Europe has an important role to play in promoting such a data collection system. Some Council of Europe member States have drawn up prostitution regulations and policies aimed at countering trafficking by curbing the demand for victims. This is true of Sweden, together with Iceland and Norway. The "Swedish approach", based on criminalising the purchase of sexual services, is currently under consideration by legislators in several European countries as a possible tool for tackling trafficking. While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings. Irrespective of the legal approach adopted, prostitution regulations should include harm-reduction measures aimed at countering the negative effects of prostitution on the people involved and supporting those who wish to leave the sex industry. Details: Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Doc. 13446: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Shelf Number: 132324 Keywords: Forced LaborHuman Trafficking (Europe)Organ TraffickingProstitutionSex TraffickingSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Canadian Women's Foundation Title: Summary: The Task Force was mandated to investigate the nature and extent of sex trafficking and recommend a national anti-trafficking strategy to the Canadian Women's Foundation's Board of Directors. This strategy would address service needs and gaps, public awareness and prevention strategies, legal and law enforcement issues, sector capacity building and training, government policy and funding, and philanthropic strategies. Over the following 18 months, the Task Force gathered for eight two-day meetings, with additional phone meetings and research between meetings. During these meetings we heard from over 20 Canadian and international experts, practitioners and advocates, undertook and reviewed environmental scans as well as other research prepared by Canadian Women's Foundation staff. For example: - We commissioned three research papers: - An Assessment of Sex Trafficking in Canada, by Nicole Barrett, J.D., M.I.A., B.A., Director of Global Justice Associates and a Senior Scholar in Residence at New York University Law School's Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. - Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls: Literature Review by the Native Women's Association of Canada. - Laws to Combat Sex Trafficking: An overview of international, national, provincial and municipal laws and their enforcement by Nicole Barrett and Dr. Margaret Shaw, Crime and Policy Consulting. - Met with 160 experiential women and over 260 organizations in Vancouver and Surrey, Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, Montreal, Halifax, and North Preston. - Conducted an on-line survey of agencies serving trafficked and sexually exploited women and girls - the first of its kind in Canada. The survey tool was reviewed by four independent researchers before it was sent to 1700 agencies. A total of 534 organizations responded. - Brought together 46 of Canada's leading providers of services for trafficked women and girls to a Service Provider Roundtable. The findings were compiled in the report, "We are at a critical moment." - Convened 20 women who had been trafficked into and within Canada to a National Experiential Women's Roundtable. The findings were compiled in the report, "We need to find our voices and say, "NO MORE." This report summarizes the Task Force's findings Our research led the Task Force to a shared conviction that sex trafficking is a serious threat to women's equality - one that must be addressed by the Canadian Women's Foundation and all Canadians. In the following pages, we present the case for ending sex trafficking of women and girls in Canada and our recommendations for action. This case is based on our understanding of the state of sex trafficking in Canada, informed by our research, the advice of those working in the field, and in particular, by the voices of women who have been sex-trafficked and sexually exploited. Details: Toronto: Canadian Women's Foundation, 2014. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NO%20MORE.%20Task%20Force%20Report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NO%20MORE.%20Task%20Force%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 133877 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Canada)Sex TraffickingSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Mayo, Andrea Title: Punishing Criminals or Protecting Victims: A Critical Mixed Methods Analysis of State Statutes Related to Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Summary: This study uses the ontological lenses of discourse theory to conduct a critical mixed-methods analysis of state statutes related to prostitution and sex trafficking. The primary research question of the study was, "How do state laws communicate and reinforce discourses related to sex trafficking and prostitution and how do these discourses reinforce hegemony and define the role of the state?" A mixed methods approach was used to analyze prostitution and sex trafficking related annotated and Shepardized statutes from all fifty states. The analysis found that not all prostitution related discourses found in the literature were present in state statutes. Instead, statutes could be organized around five different themes: child abuse, exploitation, criminalization, place, and licensing and regulation. A deeper analysis of discourses present across and within each of these themes illustrated an inconsistent understanding of prostitution as a social problem and an inconsistent understanding of the legitimate role of the state in regulating or criminalizing prostitution. The inconsistencies in the law suggest concerns for equal protection under the law based upon a person's perceived deservingness, which often hinges on his or her race, class, gender identity, sexuality, age, ability, and nationality. Implications for the field include insights into a substantive policy area rarely studied by policy and administration scholars, a unique approach to mixed methods research, and the use of a new technique for analyzing vast quantities of unstructured data. Details: Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2014. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 19, 2015 at: http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/140809/content/Mayo_asu_0010E_14325.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/140809/content/Mayo_asu_0010E_14325.pdf Shelf Number: 134659 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking (U.S.) Sex Work |
Author: Daalder, A.L. Title: Prostitution in the Netherlands in 2014 Summary: The goal of this report is to offer insight into the current state of affairs with respect to prostitution in the Netherlands in 2014, with a view to the proposed enactment of the WRP. This report is an overarching and summarising report, in which the main results of three studies (See links at: More information) are assembled. The questions that this report will answer, to the extent possible, are: 1.How have municipal policy, the supervision and enforcement in the prostitution sector been arranged, and with what results? 2.What is the size of the licensed prostitution sector? 3.What is the situation regarding non-legal prostitution, and what forms does this take? Where and in what forms do exploitation, underage prostitution and illegality occur, and do we have any idea of the size of this sector? 4.How do prostitutes in the various sub-sectors of prostitution perceive their social position, with respect to labour relations, rights and duties, income, mobility, welfare and health and social status? Details: The Hague: Ministry of Justice, Research and Documentation Centre, 2015. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2015-1a: Accessed April 16, 2015 at: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/2389d-nulmeting-wrp-overkoepelend-rapport.aspx Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands URL: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/2389d-nulmeting-wrp-overkoepelend-rapport.aspx Shelf Number: 135253 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work |
Author: Degenhardt, Tamara Title: Veranderungen und Auswirkungen durch das ProstSchG auf die Prostitutionsszene in NRW (Changes and effects through the ProstSchG on the prostitution scene in NRW) Summary: For many thousands of years, people have been offering sexual services for a fee, which is why this activity is often colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the industry World is called. The perception and evaluation of sex work is subject since ever social norms and moral concepts and thus also the cultural Change. Recognition of sex work has undergone constant change throughout the history of prostitution. In today's society, sex workers are stigmatized and abusive in this area of activity Structures, whereby the field of work sex work takes place in large parts in the dark field. The idea is to make the scene of sex work more visible and to create universally valid structures that protect the sex workers in their work and to support, entered the prostitution protection law in Germany on 01.07.2017 Force. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the primary responsibility for the implementation lies of the law at the current Ministry of Homeland, Communal, Construction and Equality. With the regulation to perform tasks under the law for Protection of persons working in prostitution (implementing ordinance Prostitute Protection Act North Rhine-Westphalia - DVO ProstSchG NRW) of 4 April 2017 to transfer the implementation to the districts and independent cities as district authority. Excluded here is statute 10 ProstSchG, which deals with the health advice. These tasks were assigned to the lower health authorities of the Transferring districts and cities. The district administration authorities and the lower ones Health authorities and their tasks are subject to the supervision of the competent district government. Supreme regulators are the Ministry of Home Affairs, Municipalities, Construction and Equality for the registration process, the Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare for health advice and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Digitization and Energy for the commercial sector of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Persons who had been prostituting before 1 July 2017 had to register for the first time until 31 December 2017. Persons who had a prostitution business before 1 July 2017 had to notify the competent authority by 1 October 2017 and apply for To submit a permit by 31 December 2017. Advice centers, associations and associations suspected that the law enacted or the resulting interference in the everyday world of scene members would result in far-reaching changes in this environment. The reviews were moving in a spectrum of extremely negative fears, the sex workers Laws could be profoundly stigmatized, even glorifying Views, through the Legislative Decree and the associated regulation prevented any abuse. In this context, the counseling center KOBER was sponsored by the Sozialdienstes katholischer Frauen e. V. Ortsverein Dortmund (hereinafter referred to as SkF) by the Ministry of Homeland, Communal, Construction and Equal Opportunity (hereinafter referred to as MHKBG) The state of North Rhine-Westphalia asked to observe the changes of the scene for one year. On the basis of these observations, the present report was prepared, which provides insights into the changes in the prostitution scene in the reporting year 2018. As a method to systematically record the corresponding impressions from the everyday world of sex workers, participatory observations and observational ones were made Participation based on a life-world-analytical ethnography applied (cf. Honer 1993). The corresponding data were subsequently analyzed using the content analysis after P. Mayring (see Mayring 2007) analyzed and prepared. The procedure used is outlined in Chapter 2. This is followed in Chapter 3 by the description of the target group of the sex workers' scene. Specifically, various forms of employment are presented here and an insight into the lifeworld of sex workers as well as the basic structures of the sex workers Scene given. The following is a detailed presentation of the findings, with both the qualitative and the also the quantitative results are listed. It could be shown that the introduction of the ProstSchG shows both positive and negative changes in the scene. This report concludes with a summary assessment of the results as well as a look into the future. Details: Dusseldorf, Germany: Ministerium fur Heimat, Kommunales, Bau and Gleichstellung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2019. 64p. Source: Internet Resource (in German): Accessed August 12, 2019 at: https://www.landtag.nrw.de/Dokumentenservice/portal/WWW/dokumentenarchiv/Dokument/MMV17-2008.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Germany URL: https://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/Webmaster/GB_I/I.1/aktuelle_drucksachen/aktuelle_Dokumente.jsp?m=301&wp=17&docTyp=V&datumsart=he&von=12.08.2019&bis=&searchDru=suchen Shelf Number: 156964 Keywords: ProstitutionSex WorkSex WorkerSexual Services |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia Title: India Country Report: To Prevent and Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women Summary: Traffi cking of human beings, especially of women and children, is an organized crime that violates basic human rights. As per the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, traffi cking is defi ned as any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability. Traffi cking as a crime has seen an increasing trend especially in the last two decades globally. Human traffi cking has been identifi ed as the third largest source of profi t for organized crime, following arms and drug traffi cking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level. Traffi cking takes places for various purposes such as labour, prostitution, organ trade, drug couriers, arms smuggling etc. However, these cannot be seen in isolation as they have a crosscutting nexus and linkage, which compounds the constraints faced in tackling the problem. It is also seen that while the methods used for traffi cking such as coercion, duping, luring, abducting, kidnapping etc. are commonly cited, it is the social and economic constraints of the victims that make them most vulnerable. With growing globalization and liberalization, the possibilities and potential for traffi cking have also grown. People tend to migrate in search of better opportunities. Though this is a positive trend, it has also led to the emergence of other complex issues such as smuggling of people across borders and unsafe migration by unscrupulous touts and agents. While trafficking has severe implications on the psycho-social and economic well-being of the victim, highly adverse ramifications are also seen on the society and the nation. By denying the victims their basic rights to good health, nutrition, education and economic independence, the country loses a large number of women and children as victims to this crime, who otherwise would have contributed productively to its growth. A growing concern is that trafficking has an adverse impact on the problem of HIV/AIDS too. Some studies have revealed that the longer the confinement in brothels, the greater is the probability of the victims contracting HIV/AIDS due to poor negotiation for safe sex methods. The country has to incur huge costs for health and rehabilitation as well as for law enforcement. Trafficking - Situation in India India is a Republic comprising 28 States and seven Union Territories, and has a population of more that one billion. The Constitution of India envisages a parliamentary form of government and is federal in nature, with unitary features. The States of India vary greatly in terms of language, culture, religion and tradition. Over the years, India has emerged as a source, destination, and transit country for traffi cking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country traffi cking forms the bulk of the traffi cked victims, cross-border traffi cking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also traffi cked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. The number of traffi cked persons is diffi cult to determine due to the secrecy and clandestine nature of the crime. However, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, child sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations, cross-border traffi cking (especially from Nepal and Bangladesh) etc. Substantial efforts have been made in the last decade or so in the area of Anti-Human Traffi cking by government institutions/state machinery, the civil society organizations, the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The purpose of this India Country Report is multi-pronged: Primarily, it documents the journey traversed by India in addressing the issues of traffi cking in women and children from World Congress II (WCII - Yokohama, 2002) to World Congress III on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (WCIII - Rio de Janeiro, 2008)1. It elucidates the good practices in the area of anti-human traffi cking in the country and also acknowledges the efforts of the government, civil society organizations, international, bilateral and multilateral agencies, survivor groups, as well as dedicated individuals in the country to combat this heinous crime. Finally, the document also explicates the processes through which prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, towards anti-human traffi cking, have evolved in India. The report will not only be a tool for presenting the anti-human traffi cking efforts in India at the World Congress III (Rio de Janeiro, November 2008), but also act as an advocacy document to identify and infl uence future programming. Details: New Delhi, India: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2008. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 157008 Keywords: Child Sex TourismExploitationForced LaborIndiaProstitutionSex TourismSex TraffickingSex WorkTrafficking in Persons |
Author: Giusta, Marina Della Title: Quashing Demand Criminalizing Clients?: Evidence from the UK Summary: We discuss changes in the demand for paid sex accompanying the criminalization of prostitution in the United Kingdom, which moved from a relatively permissive regime under the Wolfenden Report of 1960, to a much harder line of aiming to crack down on prostitution with the Prostitution (Public Places) Scotland Act 2007 and the Policing and Crime Act of 2009 in England and Wales. We make use of two waves of a representative survey, the British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal, conducted in 2000-2001 and Natsal, conducted in 2010-2012) to illustrate the changes in demand that have taken place across the two waves. We do not find demand decreasing in our sample and find a shift in the composition of demand towards more risky clients, which we discuss in the context of the current trends towards criminalization of prostitution. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics, 2019. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2019 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12405.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3408303 Shelf Number: 157053 Keywords: Criminalization Prostitution Sex Work |